when stephanie took out a one-year fixed-rateloan , she expected to pay a real interest rate of3 percent . at the end of the year . the real interestrate had fallen to 2 percent . which of thefollowing could have caused the decrease in thereal interest rate ?( a ) there was an increase in the nominalinterest rateb ) there was a decrease in the nominalinterest rate( c ) there was a decrease in the money supply( d ) the actual inflation rate was greater than theexpected inflation rate( e ) the actual inflation rate was less than theexpected inflation rate