clarise knows that she will not have bonus dollars to reward her high-performing management team this year due to a shortfall in company profits. furthermore, a companywide hiring and promotion freeze will prohibit her from hiring entry-level workers to allow existing staff to be promoted to higher levels. in response, she has arranged for her management team to attend the annual corporate planning meeting, affording them a unique opportunity to interact with and gain recognition by company executives. she has instituted this nonmonetary