A surgical repair of a patent ductus arteriosus was performed via thoracotomy in a 4 month old Labrador puppy.
In recovery, the puppy is found in his cage, crying and whining. His breaths are short and fast.
When a technician attempts to comfort him, he tries to get away, cowers in the corner, and cries louder.
Which of the following is the best explanation of this scenario?
A - Recovery is prolonged, stage II signs are still occurring
B - This is the clinical picture of opioid dysphoria
C - This puppy is painful, pain management is inadequate
D - Labradors often do this in recovery, they have low pain tolerance