Joe has spent a large amount of time learning hacking tools and techniques, and has even passed certification exams to promote himself in the ethical hacking field. Joe uses his talents during the election season to deface websites and launch denial of service attacks against opponents of his candidate. Which answer most closely correlates with Joe's actions?
a. Joe is an ethical hacker, helping to secure systems.
b. Joe is engaging in unethical hacking activities.
c. Joe is a cybersecurity analyst protecting election systems.
d. Joe is a political activist expressing his views.