Two environmentalists differ on whether the number provided by CITES for the total number of frog species transported from a South American rain forest is an exaggeration or an underestimate. Which of these scenarios is likely to lead to an underestimation?

Some frogs were re-exported many times and tallied each time.


The count includes both complete frogs and frog legs; each single leg was treated as one frog.


Due to poor identification, numerous species were counted as one.


The counts were based on licenses obtained, although some frogs were illegally transferred without them.