What is Erikson's 4th stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during middle/late childhood? In this stage, children must learn to develop a sense of competence for useful skills. If they do not develop this competency, they may be pessimistic and lack confidence in their own ability to complete tasks well.

a) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
b) Initiative vs. Guilt
c) Industry vs. Inferiority
d) Identity vs. Role Confusion