Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of "negative reinforcement by avoidance".
Negative reinforcement happens when the rate of a behavior  is watched to increase following the evacuation of a stimuli. The terminationor expulsion of an aversive stimulus is probably going to expand the target behavior. Â
Negative reinforcement is likewise connected with escape or avoidance behaviors. The target behavior increments so as to escape or avoid the possible aversive outcomes.