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Since the end of the American Civil War, African Americans have struggled to achieve equality. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ended slavery in the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment granted equal protection under the law to African Americans in 1867, and in 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. Despite these legal protections, African Americans continued to face economic, social and political discrimination in the United States.
The Civil Rights Movement was successful in 1964 and 1965, with the federal government's passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. These two federal laws outlawed segregation, guaranteed African Americans equal protection under the law, and truly secured African American men and women the right to vote. However, the Civil Rights Movement was not over. King and other activists continued to urge peaceful demonstrations to protest the lack of equal pay for equal work for African Americans. They also sought to improve educational opportunities for people of all races.
The Civil Rights Movement began to change after 1965. Some African Americans began to reject the calls for non-violent protests. These people wanted changes to occur much more quickly. They demanded action now, rather than the slower changes that usually came from peaceful demonstrations. By 1965, the Civil Rights Movement had divided between the more peaceful followers of King and generally younger and more assertive African Americans who advocated other methods, such as Malcolm X and the Black Panther Party.
Despite this split within the Civil Rights Movement, activists of all races continued to fight for the rights of African Americans. On April 4, 1968, an assassin killed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee. The Civil Rights Movement split further and lacked the strong influence and leadership that it had enjoyed during the late 1950s and the early 1960s.
Many people view the Civil Rights Movement as the struggle to provide African Americans in the Southern United States with equal opportunities, but this reform era encompassed much more. During the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans living in the northern part of the United States also experienced racism and discrimination. Generally, the problems that these people endured were not as oppressive as African Americans faced in the South. Many white and African American Ohioans actively worked to bring change to the South. They joined organizations such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Congress of Racial Equality. They participated in protests across the South including the Freedom Summer Project of 1964.
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