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The era between 1450 and 1750 saw the appearance of several land-based empires who built their power on the use of gunpowder: the Ottomans and the Safavids in Southwest Asia , the Mughals in India , the Ming and Qing in China , and the new Russian Empire.

Internal challenges against the power of the state can result in the establishment of new state-like organizations inside existing states, and that is why the privileges outlined in the last two paragraphs of the text best exemplify it in some cases from 1450 to 1750.

  • The Tsar's proof of Cossack's requests in the latter two paragraphs shows the development of a client state inside the wider Russian Empire.
  • These cossacks were obligated to do certain tasks, including collecting estate taxes for the tsar, but they were given the authority to manage their affairs on the local level.

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