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Although it is difficult to find it written down anywhere, there is a prevailing belief that decisions should be made based on reason rather than emotions. The unfortunate and unwarranted implication is that emotions have no place in reasoning. While there is some basis for this widely held belief, it completely misses the subtle and important relationship between reasoning and emotions. This becoming particularly troublesome when one observes that stories are more likely to invoke an emotional response than an intellectual one. After sorting out their emotional reactions, readers may refine an intellectual response, but their emotional reaction is primary. Hence, if emotion has no place in reasoning, then stories have no place in computer ethics
Another obvious example can be found in advertising where emotional appeals are often used to cloud the reasoning of consumers. We purchase status, social acceptance, quality of life, and the possibility of meaningful relationships in the form of automobiles, deodorant, toothpaste, beer and jewelry. A dispassionate observer would easily see that when you buy deodorant, all you are getting is deodorant. If you want social acceptance, you would have to do other things. However, this perspective is often lost on a viewer who is caught up in the emotional appeal of the advertisement.
This can easily be turned around, however, to show how reasoning clouds emotions. Perhaps a gifted piano player was brought up with the belief that music is a frivolous, unproductive activity. This person may secretly enjoy producing beautiful music while feeling guilty about being frivolous and unproductive. Again, a dispassionate observer may claim that this person should not feel guilty, and perhaps should feel great joy and satisfaction. However, this reaction is lost upon the poor piano player who only feels guilt over wasting time. In this case, reasoning has interfered with an appropriate emotional response. Yet, few people would make the claim that reasoning has no place in emotions.
There is considerable debate about the exact nature of emotions. The philosopher Robert Solomon offers one very useful observation that ‘emotions are judgements about the world’. If you are walking down a path in the woods and it is getting dark, you might start to get a little nervous and walk a little faster. If you hear an unfamiliar noise or a rustling in the leaves your heart will begin to beat a little faster as you experience the emotional reaction of fear. This fear is a judgement about the world in which you have judged your current situation as unsafe. You did not arrive at this judgement through a rational process. Specifically, you did not think – “It is dark and hungry animals or possibly monsters come out when it is dark. I just heard a noise that I cannot identify and therefore there could be a hungry animal near me. If I walk a little faster, I might get away before the animal gets me. If I am wrong then all I have done is walk a little faster. If I am right, I might be eaten. Hence, it is logical and reasonable for me to walk faster.” In fact, you probably didn’t think at all. You just felt scared and increased your pace. If asked later why you were walking so quickly you might come up with a reasonable explanation. But that reasonable explanation is certainly constructed after the fact.
Lazarus and Lazarus add the additional insight that “one general principle operating in any emotion is that there must be a goal at stake for an emotion to be aroused.” In the preceding example, the goal of course is to stay alive or at least to stay out of harm’s way. Suppose that in the previous example you were in the woods looking for a lost child. The rustling sound may result in excitement, relief, or happiness instead of fear as the possibility of a hungry animal is replaced by the possibility of a found child. So emotions are not only judgements, they are goal oriented judgements. Simply because neither the goals nor the linkages between the current situation and the goal have been articulated does not diminish the fact that our emotions present us with a nonverbal preconscious assessment of our current situation.
Emotional Judgments can be refined
We know that seemingly rational judgments are not always reliable. By employing logical fallacies we can lead an unwitting person to an erroneous conclusion that appears to be rationally sound. Even in scientific research we employ heuristics that, hopefully, prevent us from making erroneous conclusions about the implications of our data. For example, if I take a large sample of people and weigh them once a week for ten years, I might conclude two things: that the pull of gravity is stronger in the winter and that the pull of gravity is increasing over time.
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