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The mitochondria and the chloroplasts grow in a way that requires the genetic systems: and organelle and nucleus. The proteins are encoded in nuclear DNA and sent to the organelle. The genes carried in the mitochondria and chloroplasts is randomly assigned in mitosis and meiosis. As the cell divides, any organelles on that side are carried to different daughter cells. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic systems because they are sub cellular bioenergetic organelles. The nucleus holds dna and a chloroplast has hundreds of nucleoids. hope this helps!
Genetic information is carried in chloroplasts and mitochondria in the following way:
- Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, the structures where proteins are made from genetic information; and their own DNA.
- The set of genes of an organism (or organelle) contained and organized in chromosomes is called the genome.
- The genome of chloroplasts is known as plastome, the genes found in plastomes code for proteins of the photosynthetic machinery; transcription, translation and replication of their own DNA and regulation of proteins with the nucleus.
- These genes are usually grouped in small niches whose organization has been maintained throughout evolution.
- Plant mitochondria, like chloroplasts, have a circular genome that generally obeys the number of molecules present in a mitochondrion, as well as the size depends on the species.
- MtDNA is a circular double helix molecule, each mitochondria contains between tens and hundreds of molecules of this DNA.
- The mtDNA has more non-coding sequences, with more genes and with different organization (exons and introns) in them.
- The mitochondrial translation system is unique to them and ribosomal and transfer RNAs are encoded by mtDNA, and the genetic code used for translation is different from the universal one.
Therefore, we can conclude that chloroplasts and mitochondria are autonomous cellular organelles, both possess DNA that is capable of replicating, transcribing and translating independently of the nuclear one.
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