if you answer in the first 20 min will mark a brainliest

What was the effect of the moveable rudder, the use of a magnetic compass, and improved sails on Europe?

a.European contact with Asia decreased as trade routes moved northward.
b.European trade routes shifted from the Atlantic coast to the Italian city-states.
c. Europeans were encouraged to sail farther across the oceans than ever before.
d.European exploration decreased because of the fear of contracting diseases.