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The social critics of the enlightenment in France were called philosophes. Five concepts formed the core of their beliefs: reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty. François Marie Arouet, under the pen name Voltaire, was one of the most brilliant and influential philosophers.
He feared religion could become a source of civil war. ... Enlightenment thinkers wanted to improve human conditions on earth rather than concern themselves with religion and the afterlife. These thinkers valued reason, science, religious tolerance, and what they called “natural rights”—life, liberty, and property.
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