The reaction of certain ions with certain reagents are known. If those reagents are added and a positive reaction is observed, the ions present in the unknown compound can be inferred.
Qualitative analysis refers to the kind of analysis that answers the question; "What is in there?"
Many times in the laboratory, we encounter unknown solutions, gases or solids. We need to find out what is in there!
There are certain reagents that react in a certain way with certain ions and these reactions are known.
Let me give you an example, if sodium hydroxide is added to an unknown solution and blue precipitates appear, insoluble in excess NaOH, we can infer the presence of copper II ions because this reaction is known.
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