Question 1: The main reason for Earth's expanding population is lower death rates dues to better hygiene, sanitation, and nutrition (option d).
Those factors (better hygiene, sanitation, and nutrition) have permitted to increase considerably the life expectation: new borns have more opportunities to get to adult age, and adults have are more likely to become elder.
Question 2: It is not correct that globalization is a phenomenon embraced by all (option c).
On the contrary it is a debated topic. Some people and groups object the consequences of globalization, arguing that they affect negatively small countries who are less competitive than large ones, and also using transculturization arguments.