Cladograms are graphic representations of the relationship between different taxa according to derivated characters. Option A is correct. Group D has a segmented body and jaws, but no limbs.
What is a cladogram?
A Cladogram is a graph drown as a tree, which is based on cladistic analysis. It represents the common ancestral relationships and the emergence of different characters among the involved groups.
- The tree-type graph is a ramified diagram that represents the relationship between the involved taxa.
- The cladistic analysis follows the maximum parsimony criterium. Explains the character state from the point of view of the fewest changes through history.
Explains evolution with the minimal amount of evolutive changes.
It recognizes the monophyletic groups as natural groups. These groups are the clades, and their classification -sequencing- represents their phylogeny.
- The sequencing term refers to lists of groups according to their relation. One group is the brother-group of the following one.
So the cladogram represents the relationship between groups according to a derived character.
The derivated character is any trait that a group passes to its descendants.
Through evolution, the characters change, and new changes are added. When referring to a derivate character, we mean that all the subsequent species in the cladogram carry the trait.
In the provided cladogram, segmentes bodies, jaws, limbs and other traits are derivated characters.
Group D has a segmented body and jaws, but does not express limbs.
This last trait emerged later in history and is expressed by groups E, F and G.
Option A is correct. Group D.
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