MicoRNAs (miRNAs) are now known to be one of the most important regulatory gene families in eukaryotes. To date, 24521 microRNAs have been discovered, with many more on the way.
It was first recognized that miRNAs suppress gene expression at both the mRNA stability level by conducting mRNA degradation and the translation level (at initiation and after initiation) by inhibiting protein translation or degrading polypeptides by binding complementarily to the 3'UTR of the target mRNAs.
Nonetheless, some studies have shown that miRNAs can directly or indirectly activate gene expression in response to different cell types and conditions, as well as in the presence of specific cofactors.
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