The mental category created for a sound in the language is called a phoneme, and the way it sounds when it is actually produced by the mouth is called the oral sounds.
The study of speech sounds in a language or languages, and the rules that control them, is known as phonology.
The study of phonology examines how sounds are used to distinguish linguistic elements and how the sound structure of the "same" element might change depending on the other sounds present in the surrounding context. Whereas both phonology and phonetics study sounds in natural language, phonology focuses on how those sounds are distributed and used within specific languages, while phonetics works with sounds from a language-independent perspective.
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