Cytotoxins induce perforations in the cell membrane and apoptosis. So the correct option is (b) and (d).
By releasing two different types of preformed cytotoxic proteins—the pore-forming protein perforin, which creates holes in the target cell's membrane so the granzymes can enter, and the granzymes, which appear to be able to induce apoptosis in any type of target cell—cytotoxic CD8 T cells kill their target cells.
Particularly, the production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma by cytotoxic T cells promotes macrophage activation. Infected cells are attacked and eliminated by macrophages, which also stop uncontrolled cell proliferation like tumours.
Therefore, Cytotoxins induce perforations in the cell membrane and apoptosis. So the correct option is (b) and (d).
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