The energy changes for many unusual reactions can be determined using Hess’s law (Section 6.5).
(a) Calculate \Delta E for the conversion of F⁺ (g) into F⁻ (g).

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Hess' law allows us to manipulate chemical. Energy changes can also be calculated mathematically by manipulation of equations.

What is Hess' law?

Physical scientist Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician, is the author of Hess' law of constant heat summation, more commonly referred to as Hess' law. Hess' law was first published in 1840. According to the law, the order in which the stages are completed has no bearing on the overall enthalpy change that occurs throughout a chemical reaction.

It is now known that Hess's law expresses the fact that a chemical process' enthalpy is independent of the route taken from its initial state to its final state (i.e. enthalpy is a state function). The first law of thermodynamics states that at constant pressure, the enthalpy change in a system caused by a reaction is equal to the heat absorbed, which may be calculated by calorimetry for many reactions.

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