Verbs like cause, improve, affect, and change are parts of speech that can help distinguish between association and causal claims.
A causal claim is any assertion that invokes causal relationships between variables, such as that a drug has a specific effect on disease prevention. Causal claims are established using data and a set of causal assumptions known as a causal model, whereas an association claim asserts that one level of one variable is likely to be associated with a specific level of another variable. Variables that are related are said to correlate or covary, which means that when one variable changes, the other variable tends to change as well.
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