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a researcher has observed that people who suffer from an eating disorder tend to have lower self-esteem than people without a disorder. however, the researcher is not sure whether the lower self-esteem leads to an eating disorder or whether having an eating disorder leads to lower self-esteem. this is an example of

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The researcher is unsure whether low self-esteem causes an eating disorder or whether an eating disorder causes low self-esteem. This is an example of the problem of directionality.

If aggressive people watch a lot of violence on TV, it could be because TV causes them to be aggressive, or because aggressive people choose to watch violent programs, or both.When two variables correlate and may have a causal relationship, it is impossible to determine which variable causes changes in the other. This is known as the directionality problem.A directionality hypothesis is a researcher's prediction of a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables in a population.

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