Fossil evidence and DNA evidence support this idea that Africa was where humans evolved and thrived for millions of years before migrating elsewhere.
Western Eurasia was home to Neanderthals between 300 and 30 thousand years ago (ka). Their distinctive mix of anatomical characteristics sets them apart, and they are frequently linked to Middle Paleolithic lithic enterprises. Paleoanthropologists currently agree that they belonged to a distinct Eurasian human lineage that developed independently from the rest of the Old World and had a Middle Pleistocene common ancestor with contemporary humans. Some of the unusual Neanderthal anatomy is assumed to have developed as a result of selection brought on by the bitter cold of the European glacial cycles. Nevertheless, the development of these features appears to have involved some genetic drift. A few thousand years after modern humans initially appeared in Europe, Neanderthals last appeared in the fossil record about 30 ka BP. We are in a unique position to use genetic data in conjunction with fossil evidence to answer issues regarding the evolution, paleobiology, and ultimate destiny of Neanderthals because to the recent recovery of ancient mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from Neanderthal fossils.
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