Sigma bonds are produced when two atomic orbitals overlap one another head-to-head, whereas pi bonds are produced when two atomic orbitals overlap one another laterally.
The overlapping of two atoms' atomic orbitals in a linear or coaxial pattern creates a chemical link known as a sigma bond. A pi bond is a particular kind of covalent link between atoms where the electrons are on top and bottom of the axis connecting the joined atoms' nuclei.
In essence, sigma and pi bonds are covalent connections created by the overlapping of orbitals. Covalent bonds are created when atomic orbitals overlap. Sigma bonds are made when two atomic orbitals overlap head-to-head, as opposed to pi bonds, which are made when two atomic orbitals overlap laterally.
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