Because terrestrial reptiles (and amphibians) were significantly less impacted by the ecological changes, such as the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the acidification of the seas, they appear to have survived the Permian extinction in vast numbers.
Fossils between 250 and 180 million years old offer proof that mammals descended from reptiles. Numerous species found in these fossils have characteristics with both reptiles and mammals to the point that they cannot be classified as belonging to either group.
The earliest mammals arose at least 178 million years ago, and they coexisted with dinosaurs until they were all exterminated 66 million years ago, with the exception of the birds.
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