They were aided by a network of white and black abolitionists called the underground railroad.
The Underground Railroad was first mentioned in 1831 when enslaved man Tice Davids fled from Kentucky to Ohio and his owner accused a "underground railroad" of assisting Davids in achieving freedom.
A Washington newspaper stated in 1839 that Jim, an escaped slave, had divulged, while being tortured, his intention to travel north through a "underground railroad to Boston."
The Vigilance Committees, which were established in New York in 1835 and Philadelphia in 1838 to guard runaway slaves from bounty hunters, soon expanded their operations to provide guidance for enslaved persons on the run. The term "Underground Railroad" entered into usage in America in the 1840s.
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