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The coast was already heavily inhabited by the beginning of the nineteenth century, and there was a growing need for internal improvements, such as infrastructure plans that promised to bring the nation together through better transportation.

Representative John C. Calhoun introduced a Bonus Bill in Congress in 1817 that would have granted extra federal funds for a system of internal improvements across the country. Since the federal government in the United States is founded on the constitution, authority is divided between the federal and state governments.

The Constitution clearly established a federal government with little powers, even though the Supremacy Clause declares that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the "supreme law of the nation." Every law passed by Congress must be based on one or more of the authorities listed in the Constitution, according to the Supreme Court.

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