As of around 3.5 billion years ago, there is fossil evidence of microbial mats or huge biofilms, which may be the oldest prokaryotic life forms on Earth.
Bacteria and other prokaryotic cells have a free-floating, often circular chromosome that is not protected by a nuclear membrane. Instead, the DNA is merely present in the nucleoid, a part of the cell.
One bacterium can exchange genetic material with another directly through the process of conjugation. One bacterium acts as the genetic material donor during conjugation, and another bacterium acts as the recipient.
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