The nurse is caring for a patient who needs to use a bedpan. Which of the following comfort measures should the nurse use for proper positioning and general comfort? (Select all that apply.)
a. Keep the head of the bed flat.
b. Stay with the patient while he or she uses the bedpan.
c. Place a small pillow under the lumbar curve in the back.
d. Place the head of the bed at a 45degree angle.
e. Place toilet tissue within reach.