The Dual Monarchy refers to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was established in 1867. It was a dual system where Austria and Hungary were separate states with a shared monarch.
The Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870 due to tensions between France and Prussia over the candidacy of a German prince for the Spanish throne. The war resulted in a decisive victory for Prussia and the subsequent unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.
The establishment of the German Empire followed the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. This new empire was proclaimed in the Palace of Versailles and led by King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It marked the unification of various German states into a single nation-state.
Kulturkampf, meaning "culture struggle," was a series of policies implemented by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in the 1870s. It aimed to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany through legislation and state control. Bismarck viewed the Catholic Church as a threat to his vision of a unified German nation under Prussian dominance.
