Given:
K = 2.2 x 10⁹ N/m², the bulk modulus of water
ε = δV/V₀ = 9.05 x 10⁻², the dilatation (volumetric strain)
Let the pressure created by the ice due to volumetric expansion be P.
By definition,
[tex] \frac{P}{(\delta V/V)} =K[/tex]
Therefore
P = (9.05 x 10⁻²) * (2.2 x 10⁹ N/m²) = 1.99 x 10⁸ Pa = 199 MPa
The pressure is 199 MPa or 1.99 x 10⁸ Pa
Note that 1 Pa = 1 N/m²
Answer: 1.99 x 10⁸
