The correct options are 1 and 3. Civil wars and invasions are the two main reasons for the decline of the byzantine empire. After an Ottoman army attacked Constantinople in 1453, the Byzantine Empire eventually collapsed under the rule of Constantine XI.
What problem did the Byzantine Empire face?
The Seljuk Turks invaded Asia Minor, posing a threat to the empire's food and labor supply. Political and societal unrest was caused by ineffective leaders.
The Ottoman Turks entered Europe when Gallipoli fell in 1354, and the empire was helpless to stop them. The Byzantine Empire's collapse was viewed by contemporary historians like Donald M. Nicol as having reached a point at which there was no turning back.
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