Explanation:
d) The polarity of membrane phospholipids.
Lipids are composed of fatty acids which form the hydrobic tail and glycerol which forms the hydrophilic head; glycerol is a 3-Carbon alcohol which id water soluble, while the fatty acid tail is a long chain hydrocarbon (hydrogens attached to a carbon backone) with up to 36 carbons.
Their polarity or arrangement can give these non-polar macromolecules hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Via diffusion, small water molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer acts as a semi-permeable membrane into the extracellular fluid or the cytoplasm which are both hydrophilic and contain large concentrations of polar water molecules or other water-soluble compounds. The hydrophilic heads of the bilayer are attracted to water while their water-repellent hydrophobic tails face towards each other- allowing molecules of water to diffuse across the membrane along the concentration gradient.
Transmembrane proteins are embedded within the membrane from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm, and are sometimes attached to glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates) which function as cell surface markers. Cholesterol, which is comparatively rigid, anchors other molecules attached to the membrane, maintain membrane stability or structural integrity and aid in separating some lipids, helping with membrane fluidity at low environmental temperatures.
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