You are told that standing up during the Cowboys football game will give you a better view of the field. However, if everyone stands up at the same time, then your view is obscured. This example best describes:
a. inclusion of an irrelevant variable.
b. a violation of ceteris paribus .
c. a fallacy of composition.
d. a post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy.
e. an omission of a relevant variable.